• When appropriate, you should obtain voluntary and written informed consent from your participants:

1. Without any suggested or actual deprivation or penalty if they refuse to participate;
2. Without unreasonable inducement to participate;
3. With due regard for the participants’ well-being, privacy, and dignity

• When seeking such informed consent, you should:

1. Provide information about the nature, extent, and duration of the participation requested, and
2. Disclose the risks and benefits associated with participating in the research.

• When evaluation or research participants are incapable of giving informed consent, you should: 

1. Provide an appropriate explanation to them,
2. To the extent possible, obtain their assent to participate, and
3. Get written consent from an appropriate proxy.

• You should not design or conduct evaluation or research that does not require consent procedures (for example, some forms of naturalistic observation and archival research) unless: 

1. A rigorous and responsible review of the research has found it to be justified due to its potential scientific, educational, or applied value; and 
2. Equally effective alternative procedures that do not involve a waiver of consent are unavailable.

• You should notify your participants of their right to withdraw from evaluation and research at any time without penalty. 

This is a very common issue while answering questions. As you practice during your study process with exam questions, this issue tends to work its way out over time. The temptation to second guess decreases as your confidence increases. Over time, you naturally become more confident as you learn more. Therefore, you become more confident in yourself that you do know the answer!

But what do we do in the meantime while we are waiting for that confidence?

Know that, unless you misread the question, your first instinct, or first answer is going to be correct about 80% of the time. This is a huge percentage!!

So, with that said…leave your first answer EXCEPT for two situations.

1. You have a “light bulb” insight later and remember new information about that question.
2. A later question provides more information about the earlier question.

In those times, change your answer. But in all the other times, trust yourself! And over time as you study consistently and effectively, you will be confident that you know the correct answer!